{"id":89488,"date":"2023-10-11T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-11T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/intelligence-artificielle-intelligence-humaine-la-double-enigme\/"},"modified":"2024-08-28T16:54:04","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T14:54:04","slug":"intelligence-artificielle-intelligence-humaine-la-double-enigme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/intelligence-artificielle-intelligence-humaine-la-double-enigme\/","title":{"rendered":"Intelligence artificielle, intelligence humaine : la double \u00e9nigme"},"content":{"rendered":"
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In this book [Artificial Intelligence, Human Intelligence: The Double Enigma<\/em>], Daniel Andler sets out his stall right from the outset. Human intelligence is one enigma, artificial intelligence (AI) another, but neither of them is a mystery, and that is what he endeavors to prove. The reader will be the judge, but the merit of his approach lies above all in the fact that it clarifies exactly what is under discussion, identifies its roots, and deciphers its ramifications and their implications. AI is emerging as one of the most radical technological revolutions in human history.<\/h6>
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Andler<\/span> Daniel, Intelligence artificielle, intelligence humaine\u00a0: la double \u00e9nigme<\/em>, Paris: Gallimard (NRF Essais), May 2023, 432\u00a0p.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n \n \n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n \"\"\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

The first of the book\u2019s two parts provides an analytical overview of the genesis of AI, right up to its latest developments. First of all, a word about terminology. The author proposes to use the expression \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d \u2014 an oxymoron based on woolly concepts \u2014 as a new term for a tangible reality, just as we use the word \u201ccrowbar\u201d without questioning the relationship between the \u201ccrow\u201d and the \u201cbar.\u201d He then uses this term to mean, in turn, AI in the strictest sense, limited to the academic and professional sphere; an abbreviated form of AI that covers applications and algorithms based on deep learning; and finally, AI in the broadest sense, which encompasses all the contributions made by digital technologies to the performance of any given task. AI thus appears to be the driving force behind the digital ecosystem (the \u201cdigisphere\u201d), which is developing to the point of creating an additional stratum in the human world.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n

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Now let us consider the author\u2019s approach. Thinking on the subject of human intelligence has developed over centuries without reference to AI, even if some have dreamed of intelligent mechanical avatars. AI is a recent phenomenon. Its appearance owes a great deal to conceptual advances in calculation, information, and testing, and to advances in cognitive science. At the same time, its development is inextricably linked to advances in computers, from which it has retained a fundamental duality: its uses are both theoretical and empirical. This duality is perpetuated in the projects of its creators: one is like a Promethean dream of a copy of human intelligence, while the other resembles an engineer\u2019s dream, putting expertise to work in an empirical approach.<\/p>\n

The former gave rise to classic or symbolic AI, which had some successes, but the applications of which nevertheless appeared limited. It has been supplanted by connectionist AI, which, to summarize, gets its abilities through deep learning. This is the form of AI that crunches high volumes of data and can uncover what the data conceal by exploring their regularities. It has no pretensions other than its statistical efficiency, but its undeniable performance gives it a solid foundation and realistic objectives.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n

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\n Voir aussi<\/span>\n
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\n \n \"\"<\/a>\n <\/span>\n \n Artificial and Human Intelligence<\/a>\n \n \n <\/use>\n<\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/span>\n
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26 December 2018<\/div>\n HEUDIN Jean-Claude<\/a>\n
\n 14 p.\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n \n \n <\/use>\n<\/svg>\n\n Article Revue\n <\/a>\n Science and Technology<\/a>\n Society<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Finally, we must consider future prospects, because connectionism is not the end of the road. This form of AI suffers from semantic blindness, is dependent on the corpora of data it learns from, lacks causal reasoning, and is ill-equipped for extrapolation. Worse still, perhaps, for a machine, it is fallible, and its errors are difficult to predict and explain. So it could disappoint its users and in turn experience a decline. But industrial applications and the results achieved are re-launching the race by focusing on what remains to be done to create a generalist AI, or even, in the future, to endow it with genuine understanding, emotion, consciousness, or autonomy, despite the uncertainties about such advances, including their relevance.<\/p>\n

The second part of the book is thus devoted to the prospect of a third era of augmented intelligence. Technically, current systems could evolve in a variety of directions. We can imagine systems capable of learning to learn, incorporating symbolic AI techniques, or combining statistics and deep learning. Likewise, we can develop AI systems capable of handling combinatorial structures; extending the competence of networks to complex objects; assembling modules with distinct geometric, algebraic, and symbolic processing functions; or resorting to differential programming, and so on.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n

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\n Voir aussi<\/span>\n
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\n \n \"\"<\/a>\n <\/span>\n \n The Five Barriers to Artificial Intelligence<\/a>\n \n \n \n <\/use>\n<\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/span>\n
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27 February 2023<\/div>\n BRAUNSCHWEIG Bertrand<\/a>\n
\n 20 p.\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n \n \n <\/use>\n<\/svg>\n\n Journal Article\n <\/a>\n Science and Technology<\/a>\n Society<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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However, the sum total of problem-solving skills is not enough to define intelligence itself. Intelligence manifests itself in the response it recommends to a given situation. But the optimal response to any given situation is a matter of opinion. When situations are complex, the responses can be debated from different angles. As a result, the idea of a final, objective assessment is called into question, pointing to the possibility of a gradation of intelligences. Furthermore, versatility and fluidity are inseparable from autonomy and presuppose a system being capable of identifying the problem and addressing it motu proprio.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is not the case today, and the future remains uncertain, because AI has no personal commitment, is indifferent to success and failure, and lacks the ability to abstract itself from rational considerations. Human intelligences are thus closely linked and at the same time fundamentally different; copying intelligence is a chimera, but underestimating the impact of AI on our future is blindness.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n

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Against this backdrop, the author puts forward three conceptions of the future: human-level artificial general intelligence (AGI), artificial superintelligence (ASI), and transformative artificial intelligence. These three possibilities are linked because they all correspond to systems that are far more powerful than those with which we are familiar; they are all transformative; and they all require conceptual breakthroughs currently shrouded in uncertainty.<\/p>\n

AGI implies designing, i.e., endowing with a precise content and manufacturing, something of which human intelligence would be an embodiment. We would have to select its characteristics and be able to produce them in the same way as we have reproduced bird flight. The range of possible avenues is vast: building an emulation of the human brain to reproduce brain processes in silico; developing machines capable of learning to learn; or letting a population of artificial systems capable of reproducing themselves evolve in an environment while seeking optimal adaptation. Superintelligence would equal or surpass human capacities in many fields. This would take place after the AGI stage, with the creation of a first avatar of superintelligence, which would in turn engender an AI that would be superior to it. Finally, we cannot rule out the hypothesis of a superintelligence far more powerful than current ASIs emerging without direct human input.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n

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\n Voir aussi<\/span>\n
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\n \n \"\"<\/a>\n <\/span>\n \n ChatGPT: Promises and Risks<\/a>\n \n \n \n <\/use>\n<\/svg>\n <\/a>\n <\/span>\n
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24 February 2023<\/div>\n SOUPIZET Jean-Fran\u00e7ois<\/a>\n
\n 7 min.\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n
\n \n \n <\/use>\n<\/svg>\n\n Newswatch\n <\/a>\n Science and Technology<\/a>\n Society<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Of course, there are many uncertainties surrounding each of these three possibilities. None can be ruled out, which means we must consider their desirability. With superintelligence and the tight control of a large proportion of human activities that would ensue, humanity would find itself in a situation analogous to that of the aristocrats of the ancien r\u00e9gime, surrounded by a swarm of servants and functionaries more competent than themselves. Gradually, these intelligences would become indispensable, and humanity\u2019s room for maneuver would become narrower and narrower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Andler\u2019s opinion, herein lies the challenge: moving toward an artificial intelligence that is capable of dealing with situations while submitting to the norms of human judgment. And \u2014 again in his opinion \u2014 this implies respecting the principle of moderation in the uses made of it and defining the respective roles of human and artificial intelligence, failing which we risk becoming dependent on systems which we will have been unable to endow with wisdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article has been translated from French and edited by Cadenza Academic Translations.
Translator: Claire Ivins, Editor: Matt Burden, Senior editor: Mark Mellor<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In this book [Artificial Intelligence, Human Intelligence: The Double Enigma], Daniel Andler sets out his stall right from the outset. Human intelligence is one enigma, artificial intelligence (AI) another, but neither of them is a mystery, and that is what he endeavors to prove. The reader will be the judge, but the merit of his … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":81382,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[131],"tags":[210,212],"keyword":[988,1239,1298,1202],"class_list":["post-89488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-read-seen-heard","tag-science-et-technique-en","tag-societe-en","keyword-intelligence-artificielle-en","keyword-automatisation-en","keyword-cerveau-en","keyword-connaissance-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89488"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97162,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89488\/revisions\/97162"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89488"},{"taxonomy":"keyword","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/keyword?post=89488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}