{"id":79966,"date":"2023-07-06T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/the-rise-of-transport-on-demand-in-low-density-areas\/"},"modified":"2023-09-19T16:01:57","modified_gmt":"2023-09-19T14:01:57","slug":"lessor-du-transport-a-la-demande-dans-les-territoires-de-faible-densite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/lessor-du-transport-a-la-demande-dans-les-territoires-de-faible-densite\/","title":{"rendered":"The Rise of Transport on Demand in Low-Density Areas"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='post-container'>\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In the transport sector, ideas, experiments, and research studies have been around for a very long time, but their implementation has been particularly slow, especially in the case of \u201ctransport on demand\u201d (TOD). <\/h6>\n\n\n<div class=\"image-caption-component u-block  double-left-text\">\n  <div class=\"gs-container image-caption\">\n          <div class=\"wrapper\">\n        <p class=\"caption t-base\">\n          \n        <\/p>\n        <p class=\"caption-title t-weight-700\">\n           Number of new TOD services created between 1970 and 2005 \n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n        <div class=\"image-caption-component__img\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"950\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-950x541.jpg\" class=\"u-img\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-950x541.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-1024x583.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-768x437.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-815x464.jpg 815w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-320x182.jpg 320w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-200x114.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-540x307.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-700x398.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1-650x370.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_graph1.jpg 1091w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n  <div class=\"image-caption-component-legende\">\n    <p><em>N.B.:<\/em> based on service launch dates.<br \/>\n<em>Source:<\/em> <span class=\"small-caps image-caption-component-legende\">Castex<\/span> \u00c9lodie, <a href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-00199865v2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Le Transport \u00e0 la demande (TAD) en France: de l\u2019\u00e9tat des lieux \u00e0 l\u2019anticipation<\/em><\/a>, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Avignon et des pays de Vaucluse, doctoral thesis in geography, November 2007, p. 159.<\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike taxis, transport on demand is a form of public transport (in France), and is therefore the responsibility of local authorities, whether the service is operated directly or subcontracted to specialist partners such as the private companies Keolis and Transdev. A TOD service is always triggered by a user placing a booking; the journey can be shared with other users, like a shared taxi, but can cover different sorts of services: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> a door-to-door service for people with reduced mobility; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>demand-led service lines, with predefined stops and routes, and with either fixed or variable\/flexible timetables, often allowing users from suburban areas to connect with traditional urban public transport points;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zone-based TOD services that can adapt the journey (both the departure and arrival points) to the user\u2019s needs, within a defined zone limited to one or two streets away from the service\u2019s main route. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The service is subsidised by the public authorities and is much cheaper for the user than a private taxi or private hire services (such as Uber). <a href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-00199865\/document\">A doctoral thesis<\/a> on the subject identified 615 TOD services (operated directly or indirectly by local authorities) in France in 2005, 27% of which were dedicated to a target public, mostly for people with reduced mobility. This study\u2019s census is almost exhaustive, since the author estimates that only 10 to 20 services could be missing. The other 452 services are so-called generalist TOD services, meaning that they are open to everyone, although they are mostly limited to a certain geographical area, which is very often one of low population density. This thesis, which is admittedly now fairly old (defended in 2007), is the only retrospective assessment of what existed in terms of TOD services between 1970 and 2005. Half of the TOD services surveyed had a city centre as their destination. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gs-container in-content-also\">\n  <div class=\"gs-row u-flex u-align-items-start\">\n    <div class=\"gs-flush-column @lg:-push-1 @lg:gs-column-7 @wd:gs-column-6 @wd:gs-push-2\">\n      <p>In 2005, just over 7,000 local authorities (covering 20% of towns and villages in mainland France) had the use of a TOD service, but only half of these were dedicated to target groups. The city of Paris held the record for the total number of services: of its five services, three were intended for people with reduced mobility, and two general services (mainly intended for shift workers) aimed to connect people with airport hubs at night and at weekends. Since then, advances in GPS technology and the increased computing power of algorithms have made it possible to improve the services offered by TOD operators. These technologies make it possible for users to track the approach of vehicles and manage their bookings, and for operators to optimise journeys in real time. The widespread use of mobile phones means that bookings can now be made almost in real time, whereas 15 years ago you had to book at least two hours in advance, if not the day before. <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"gs-flush-column @lg:gs-column-5 @wd:gs-column-4 u-flex u-align-items-start u-sticky article-card\">\n      <div class=\"wrapper u-width-100% u-flex-column u-relative\">\n        <span class=\"c-red t-base-small u-margin-b-2\">Voir aussi<\/span>\n        <div class=\"card card--post \">\n  <div class=\"masonry-item item-withImage\">\n          <span class=\"u-margin-b-2 u-block card--post__image\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/avis-de-gros-temps-sur-les-transports-collectifs-u\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-700x467.jpg\" class=\"u-img\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-815x544.jpg 815w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-320x213.jpg 320w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-540x360.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-950x634.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai-650x434.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/MetroParisQuai.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a>\n  <\/span>\n        <span class=\"t-post-5 u-margin-b-1 u-block c-red\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/avis-de-gros-temps-sur-les-transports-collectifs-u\/\">Avis de gros temps sur les transports collectifs urbains<\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/avis-de-gros-temps-sur-les-transports-collectifs-u\/\" class=\"button-rounded  bg-red c-white u-margin-l-1\">\n      <svg class=\"u-icon-24 c-white u-flex u-align-items-center u-justify-content-center\">\n  <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/themes\/futurible\/dist\/images\/icon-lib.svg?version022025#arrow-right\"><\/use>\n<\/svg>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/span>\n          <div class=\"metas t-base-x-small u-flex u-flex-wrapping\">\n      <div class=\"u-margin-r-3 u-margin-t-1\">23 March 2021<\/div>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/author-analyst\/quinet-emile\/\" class=\"u-margin-r-3 u-margin-t-1 t-underline\">QUINET \u00c9mile<\/a>\n                            <div class=\"u-margin-t-1\">\n                      14 p.\n                  <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tags u-flex u-flex-wrapping u-align-items-start\">\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/category\/analyses-prospectives\/\" class=\"button tag border c-red t-base-small\">\n          <svg class=\"u-icon-16 u-margin-r-1\">\n  <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/themes\/futurible\/dist\/images\/icon-lib.svg?version022025#icon-post\"><\/use>\n<\/svg>\n\n          Analyse prospective\n        <\/a>\n                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/tag\/economie\/\" class=\"button tag t-base-small\">\u00c9conomie<\/a>\n                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/tag\/environnement\/\" class=\"button tag t-base-small\">Environnement<\/a>\n                  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"@lg:gs-column-8 u-margin-auto\">\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.lafabriquedesmobilites.fr\/wiki\/Le_transport_%C3%A0_la_demande_en_zones_peu_denses\">cost of the TOD<\/a> is mainly borne by the community, as users pay only 10% to 20% of the total cost to the operator, compared with 25% on average for regular French mass public transport systems. The cost to users remains attractive \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cerema.fr\/system\/files\/documents\/2022\/07\/fiche_tad_vf_1.pdf\">between \u20ac1 and \u20ac3 per journey<\/a> \u2014 and is primarily aimed at people who are excluded from using a private car (such as young people, the unemployed, and the disabled) and who can hardly afford to pay more than this, as well as shift workers in some cases. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transport organising authorities (\u201cautorit\u00e9s organisatrice de transports\u201d, AOTs) are increasingly issuing invitations to tender calling for operators to provide these services, both because of their efforts to keep cars out of towns and cities, and in order to provide fair access to transport throughout their territories. The transfer of responsibility for transport from d\u00e9partements to regional authorities in 2015, as a result of the \u201claw on the new territorial organisation of the Republic\u201d (NOTRe), has probably also led to a reassessment of how people living in rural areas can access the region\u2019s towns and cities. Previously, the combined local authorities (communaut\u00e9s d\u2019agglom\u00e9ration) managed public transport services for the urban area, while the d\u00e9partement managed transport services for rural areas, without necessarily coordinating with one another. No recent national survey exists, but recent local examples of the development of TOD services show that they are booming. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the current time, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transdev.com\/fr\/nos-solutions-et-innovations\/transport-demande-connecte\/\">Transdev<\/a> has already <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/pme-regions\/actualite-pme\/le-transport-a-la-demande-en-plein-essor-en-france-1942015\">added 300 TOD services<\/a><a id=\"post-79966-footnote-1-ref\" href=\"#post-79966-footnote-1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> to its public service bus and tram operations. In just four years, the \u00cele-de-France region has developed the largest on-demand public transport network in the world! As a result, 624 local authorities in the outer suburbs have access to a TOD service, providing connections to 102 stations on the regional express rail network (RER), Monday to Friday from 9am to 5pm. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"image-caption-component u-block  double-left-text\">\n  <div class=\"gs-container image-caption\">\n          <div class=\"wrapper\">\n        <p class=\"caption t-base\">\n          \n        <\/p>\n        <p class=\"caption-title t-weight-700\">\n          Transport on demand in the \u00cele-de-France region\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n        <div class=\"image-caption-component__img\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"950\" height=\"528\" src=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-950x528.jpg\" class=\"u-img\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-950x528.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-1024x569.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-768x426.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-815x453.jpg 815w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-320x178.jpg 320w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-200x111.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-540x300.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-700x389.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte-650x361.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NV_TAD_carte.jpg 1419w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n  <div class=\"image-caption-component-legende\">\n    <p><em>Source:<\/em> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/tad.iledefrance-mobilites.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transport \u00e0 la demande<\/a>\u201d, \u00cele-de-France Mobilit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This \u00cele-de-France TOD network has carried one million passengers since June 2019<sup><a id=\"post-79966-footnote-2-ref\" href=\"#post-79966-footnote-2\">[2]<\/a> <\/sup>and is accessible at the normal price for public transport services in the city, using either a ticket or a Navigo travel card. Based on data provided by the doctoral thesis mentioned above, the current network amounts to the creation of an additional 102 services on top of the five services counted earlier (in the counting method used for Castex\u2019s research, a service is the result of a geographical perimeter and an AOT). Most of the new 97 services were added over the last four years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TOD services seem to be the ideal solution for providing public transport for people without access to a private car in areas that do not have the necessary population density for mass public transport systems. The Occitania region also provides TOD services in half of its combined local authority areas, which, for a flat fare of \u20ac2 per journey, relays users to a list of pre-established destinations, including the town hall, the post office, health establishments, and P\u00f4le emploi (the national employment agency). The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region also has a plan for on-demand routes in 53 areas. In this arrangement, the regional authority co-finances the service in equal parts with the relevant local authorities, while users pay only \u20ac2 to \u20ac3 per journey. <\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"gs-container in-content-also\">\n  <div class=\"gs-row u-flex u-align-items-start\">\n    <div class=\"gs-flush-column @lg:-push-1 @lg:gs-column-7 @wd:gs-column-6 @wd:gs-push-2\">\n      <p>Orleans, a medium-sized city, has introduced a system that allows users who are more than five minutes\u2019 walk from one of the stops on its two tram lines to access them by transport on demand. Since the inconvenient telephone reservation system was replaced by a mobile application in 2019, the number of journeys has soared from 3,000 to 50,000 per month.<br \/>\nAs a TOD service is expensive to run, it can be more viable when it connects users with employment areas (for example, the night-time service to the port area of Le Havre), urban transport hubs, or town centres. While autonomously driven shuttle services remain a distant prospect, existing forms of TOD services could make it easier for people to grow up or grow old in rural areas, without giving up visits into town. Autonomously driven shuttle services would make it possible to reduce the cost of such a service, since the drivers\u2019 pay constitutes the greatest expense, and also limits the extension of timetables, since a continuous service requires several drivers working in shifts. However, fully autonomous shuttles \u2014 without drivers \u2014 are not expected before 2035. Until then, on-demand transport is likely to develop only in areas where there is no public transport alternative, or to serve business areas that operate in shifts.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"gs-flush-column @lg:gs-column-5 @wd:gs-column-4 u-flex u-align-items-start u-sticky article-card\">\n      <div class=\"wrapper u-width-100% u-flex-column u-relative\">\n        <span class=\"c-red t-base-small u-margin-b-2\">Voir aussi<\/span>\n        <div class=\"card card--post \">\n  <div class=\"masonry-item item-withImage\">\n          <span class=\"u-margin-b-2 u-block card--post__image\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/vehicule-autonome-un-atout-pour-les-espaces-ruraux\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-700x467.jpg\" class=\"u-img\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-1350x900.jpg 1350w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-815x543.jpg 815w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-320x213.jpg 320w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-540x360.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-950x633.jpg 950w, https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/NavetteBeti-650x433.jpg 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a>\n  <\/span>\n        <span class=\"t-post-5 u-margin-b-1 u-block c-red\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/vehicule-autonome-un-atout-pour-les-espaces-ruraux\/\">V\u00e9hicule autonome : un atout pour les espaces ruraux<\/a>\n              <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/themes\/futurible\/dist\/images\/pay_circle.svg\" class=\"v-align-sub u-margin-l-1 icon-pay\"\/>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/vehicule-autonome-un-atout-pour-les-espaces-ruraux\/\" class=\"button-rounded  bg-red c-white u-margin-l-1\">\n      <svg class=\"u-icon-24 c-white u-flex u-align-items-center u-justify-content-center\">\n  <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/themes\/futurible\/dist\/images\/icon-lib.svg?version022025#arrow-right\"><\/use>\n<\/svg>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/span>\n          <div class=\"metas t-base-x-small u-flex u-flex-wrapping\">\n      <div class=\"u-margin-r-3 u-margin-t-1\">30 June 2022<\/div>\n                        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/author-analyst\/portnoff-andre-yves\/\" class=\"u-margin-r-3 u-margin-t-1 t-underline\">PORTNOFF Andr\u00e9-Yves<\/a>\n                            <div class=\"u-margin-t-1\">\n                      8 min.\n                  <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"tags u-flex u-flex-wrapping u-align-items-start\">\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/category\/note-de-veille\/\" class=\"button tag border c-red t-base-small\">\n          <svg class=\"u-icon-16 u-margin-r-1\">\n  <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/wp-content\/themes\/futurible\/dist\/images\/icon-lib.svg?version022025#icon-eye\"><\/use>\n<\/svg>\n\n          Note de veille\n        <\/a>\n                              <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/tag\/economie\/\" class=\"button tag t-base-small\">\u00c9conomie<\/a>\n                  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/tag\/societe\/\" class=\"button tag t-base-small\">Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/a>\n                  <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"@lg:gs-column-8 u-margin-auto\">\n\n\n<p><em>This translation from French has been revised by Sam Ferguson.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"post-79966-footnote-1\" href=\"#post-79966-footnote-1-ref\" style=\"font-size:1rem;  font-family: forma-djr-text;, sans-serif;\">[1]<\/a>  <span style=\"font-size:1rem; color: initial; font-family: forma-djr-text;, sans-serif;\"> This figure relates to the company\u2019s operations worldwide, not only in France.<\/span><a href=\"#post-79966-footnote-1-ref\">\u2191<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p><a id=\"post-79966-footnote-2\" style=\"font-size: 1rem; font-family: forma-djr-text;\" href=\"#post-79966-footnote-2-ref\">[2]<\/a> <span style=\"font-size: 1rem; color: initial; font-family: forma-djr-text;\"> That is almost nothing compared with the 9.4 million daily journeys made by \u00cele-de-France Mobilit\u00e9s.<\/span><a href=\"#post-79966-footnote-2-ref\">\u2191<\/a><\/p><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the transport sector, ideas, experiments, and research studies have been around for a very long time, but their implementation has been particularly slow, especially in the case of \u201ctransport on demand\u201d (TOD). Unlike taxis, transport on demand is a form of public transport (in France), and is therefore the responsibility of local authorities, whether &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/lessor-du-transport-a-la-demande-dans-les-territoires-de-faible-densite\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":76704,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[140],"tags":[212],"keyword":[],"class_list":["post-79966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-newswatch","tag-societe-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79966","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=79966"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79966\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":80053,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79966\/revisions\/80053"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/76704"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79966"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=79966"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=79966"},{"taxonomy":"keyword","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/keyword?post=79966"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}