{"id":71567,"date":"2023-03-07T11:54:13","date_gmt":"2023-03-07T10:54:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/la-capture-stockage-du-carbone-a-le-vent-en-poupe\/"},"modified":"2023-09-19T09:23:56","modified_gmt":"2023-09-19T07:23:56","slug":"la-capture-stockage-du-carbone-a-le-vent-en-poupe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/la-capture-stockage-du-carbone-a-le-vent-en-poupe\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbon Capture and Storage Is on the Rise"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Over the past two years, the number of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) projects, mainly geological, has soared. The Global CCS Institute, which promotes this technology, lists more than 160 projects in various stages of development<\/a>, in addition to the thirty that are already in operation. However, many of the projects undertaken in the early 2010s have since been abandoned, mainly because of costs and a lack of social acceptability. Will the same be true for current projects?<\/h6>\n\n\n
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\n Transport and Storage Projects by CO2 Capture Capacity in Mtpa (Million Tonnes Per Annum)\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

\n \"Projets\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Source: <\/em>\u201cGlobal Status of CCS<\/a>\u201d, in<\/em> 2022 Status Report, <\/em>Global CCS Institute, 2022.<\/em><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n\n\n\n

The storage of CO2<\/sub> has historically involved injecting this gas into natural gas and oil wells to enhance their recovery rate (EOR \/ Enhanced Oil Recovery). The CO2<\/sub> remains stored in the emptied well, although this is not the main objective of the operation. One of the first installations<\/a>, in 1972, recovered CO2<\/sub> from natural gas processing plants in Val Verde, Texas, and transported it to oil fields in the area. This remains the foremost method of captured carbon storage to date. The thirty facilities in operation worldwide capture just over 42 million tonnes of CO2<\/sub> per year (compared with the 43 billion tonnes humanity emits annually), half of which takes place in the United States; three-quarters of the CO2<\/sub> stored is used to optimise hydrocarbon production. As well as oil and gas wells, CO2<\/sub> can also be stored in saline aquifers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New projects are more concerned with capturing CO2<\/sub> from industries such as steel production, fertiliser production, and the chemical industry, rather than EOR. Saline aquifers with large storage volumes are available close to the coast in the North Sea and in US waters, and these are currently the main CO2<\/sub> storage areas for new projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The problem is that the capture of CO2<\/sub> from factory fumes, which is the most longstanding technique, is still very costly and energy-intensive, and the solvents involved require reprocessing. It is also necessary to take into account the further costs associated with the long-term storage of the gas<\/a>: compressing the CO2<\/sub>, transporting it (gas pipeline, ships, etc.), and then injecting it at depths of between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. The cost of capture alone ranges from US$10 to US$125 per tonne for CO2<\/sub>-concentrated factory fumes, but can range from US$130 to US$340 per tonne for direct capture of CO2<\/sub> from ambient air, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA)<\/a>. The cost of transport and storage varies greatly: EOR can offset this cost, as pipelines that are used to transport extracted hydrocarbons can be reused in the reverse direction to inject CO2<\/sub> into empty wells.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\n \n <\/p>\n

\n Number of Completed, Ongoing, and Future Storage Projects by Type and Region*\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

\n \"Nombre\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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*Data from 150 CCS installations including commercial and demonstration projects (over 100,000 tonnes per annum of CO2<\/sub>) at all stages of development.<\/p>\n

Source: <\/em>\u201cEvolution of Storage<\/a>\u201d, in 2022 Status Report, <\/em>Global CCS Institute, 2022.<\/em><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n\n\n\n

On the testing and innovation side, Iceland opened the largest site for burying CO2<\/sub> captured directly from the air<\/a> in September 2021 at the Orca site, where the concentration of CO2<\/sub> is between 200 and 300 times lower than in industrial fumes. Another unique feature of the site is that the gas is dissolved in water and then injected into basalt, where a chemical reaction allows the CO2<\/sub> to turn into stone in just two years, instead of the several thousand years required when the process occurs naturally. The company hopes to bury 4,000 tonnes of CO2<\/sub> per year, equivalent to the annual emissions of almost 900 cars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The organisational innovation that could allow the use of this technology to take off is the pooling of CO2<\/sub> transport and storage infrastructures, which is the goal of the Northern Lights Project, supported by three oil companies (Equinor, Shell, and Total) in the North Sea and also by the Norwegian government as part of its Longship project<\/a>. The annual storage capacity of the Northern Lights Project is set at 1.5 million tonnes of CO2<\/sub> (MtCO2<\/sub>) in 2024, but could increase to 5 MtCO2<\/sub> depending on market needs. The project aims to develop hydrogen production from natural gas with carbon capture and storage \u2014 so-called \u201cblue hydrogen\u201d \u2014 as Equinor is already doing in Hull, in the UK. Most importantly, the project aims to become a CO2<\/sub> transport and storage hub, which, in addition to transporting and storing emissions from two industrial sites in Norway, will also build partnerships for the storage of CO2<\/sub> from other European countries (Germany, Belgium, France, Poland, Sweden) and their industries in the North Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

National projects are also underway: in the Netherlands the Porthos project<\/a> for industries in Rotterdam harbour aims to store 2.5 MtCO2<\/sub> per year, and in the UK there are plans to capture and store 10 MtCO2<\/sub> per year by 2030 from four industrial clusters. <\/em>In addition, four projects with a CCS dimension (in Finland, Belgium, Sweden, and France) were selected in 2021, and seven projects in six countries (Bulgaria, Iceland, Poland, France, Sweden and Germany) in 2022, as part of the European Innovation Fund\u2019s call for projects that support clean technologies in Europe (with a grant of 38 billion euros up to 2030).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In France two projects are underway:<\/a> one in an Arcelor-Mittal plant in Dunkirk, which aims to capture 4,400 tonnes of CO2<\/sub> per year, and another in the Lumbres cement plant in the Pas-de-Calais region (owned by cement manufacturer Eqiom, in partnership with Air Liquide), whose emissions would also be stored in the North Sea or reused to produce concrete. However, the ADEME (French Agency for Ecological Transition) considers that only 10% of the most emitting industrial sites in France would be able to use this technology at a reasonable cost: only the industries located in the Dunkirk, Le Havre, and Lacq areas have the necessary infrastructure, the availability of pipelines to transport the CO2<\/sub>, a sufficient concentration of emitting industrial sites, and nearby geological storage capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, Germany and Norway recently entered into a partnership<\/a> to import more hydrogen from Norway into Germany (Norway has been Germany\u2019s main supplier of natural gas since the start of the war in Ukraine) and to build a 900 kilometre pipeline to transport CO2<\/sub> from northern Germany to Norway for storage<\/a> by 2032. The capacity of the pipeline would be between twenty and forty MtCO2<\/sub> per year by 2037, or 20% of the annual emissions of German industry. This is currently the most ambitious such project in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As can be seen, the increasing price on carbon trading markets for the emission of a tonne of CO2<\/sub>, which rose from thirty-seven euros in February 2021 to a hundred euros in February 2023<\/a>, together with political targets to achieve carbon neutrality, are encouraging European countries and their energy industries to develop carbon capture and storage more actively. It should be remembered that the IEA\u2019s carbon neutrality scenario (NZE \/ Net Zero Emissions) considers that the annual capture of CO2<\/sub> should rise from just over 40 million tonnes today to 1.2 billion tonnes in 2030 and 5.9 billion tonnes in 2050!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, the pace of development of these projects could be slowed down by their lack of social acceptability. In addition to the concerns of local populations about potential CO2<\/sub> leaks in the process, many fear that this technology, which is generally supported by oil groups, will be used as an excuse for not decarbonising the energy system and production processes quickly enough. However, growing public concern about the effects of climate change, together with new investment in these technologies by tech billionaires such as Bill Gates or Elon Musk, could also lead to new projects in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0This translation from French has been revised by Sam Ferguson.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Over the past two years, the number of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) projects, mainly geological, has soared. The Global CCS Institute, which promotes this technology, lists more than 160 projects in various stages of development, in addition to the thirty that are already in operation. However, many of the projects undertaken in the early … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":65942,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"%%post_title%% %%sep%% %%sitetitle%%","_seopress_titles_desc":"Plus de 160 projets de capture et de s\u00e9questration de gaz carbonique sont en d\u00e9veloppement selon le Global CCS Institute, en plus des 30 qui fonctionnent d\u00e9j\u00e0.","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[140],"tags":[202,210],"keyword":[1425,1251,849,949],"class_list":["post-71567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-newswatch","tag-environnement-en","tag-science-et-technique-en","keyword-puits-de-carbone-en","keyword-transition-en","keyword-energie-en","keyword-industrie-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71567"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71567\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":79958,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71567\/revisions\/79958"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65942"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71567"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=71567"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=71567"},{"taxonomy":"keyword","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.futuribles.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/keyword?post=71567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}